Impacts of freeze-thaw processes and subsequent runoff on Cs washoff from bare land in Fukushima

Igarashi, Yasunori*; Onda, Yuichi*; Wakiyama, Yoshifumi*; Yoshimura, Kazuya; Kato, Hiroaki*; Kozuka, Shohei*; Manome, Ryo*

Science of the Total Environment, 769, p.144706_1 - 144706_9, 2021/05

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144706

Mitigation of cavitation damage in J-PARC mercury target vessel

Naoe, Takashi; Kinoshita, Hidetaka; Kogawa, Hiroyuki; Wakui, Takashi; Wakai, Eiichi; Haga, Katsuhiro; Takada, Hiroshi

JPS Conference Proceedings (Internet), 28, p.081004_1 - 081004_6, 2020/02

https://doi.org/10.7566/JPSCP.28.081004

The beam window of the mercury target vessel in J-PARC is severely damaged by the cavitation. The cavitation damage is a crucial factor to limit lifetime of the target because it increases with the beam power. Therefore, mitigating cavitation damage is an important issue to operate the target stably for long time at 1 MW. At J-PARC, to mitigate the cavitation damage: gas microbubbles are injected into mercury for suppressing pressure waves, and double-walled structure with a narrow channel of 2 mm in width to form high-speed mercury flow (4m/s) has been adopted. After operation, the beam window was cut to inspect the effect of the cavitation damage mitigation on inner wall. We optimized cutting conditions through the cold cutting tests, succeeding in cutting the target No.2 (without damage mitigation technologies) smoothly in 2017, and target No.8 with damage mitigation technologies. In the workshop, progress of cavitation damage observation for the target vessel will be presented.

Pulsed pressure induced cavitation erosion in mercury narrow channel under flowing conditions

Naoe, Takashi; Kogawa, Hiroyuki; Tanaka, Nobuatsu*; Futakawa, Masatoshi

Advanced Experimental Mechanics, 4, p.17 - 21, 2019/08

We have introduced the following two techniques to mitigate the pressure wave-induced cavitation damage in the mercury target. One is the gas microbubble injection into the flowing mercury, and the other is the double-walled structure with a narrow gap channel at the proton beam entrance portion of the mercury vessel. The latter is expected to mitigate the cavitation damage due to the high-speed liquid flow ( 4 m/s) and the narrow gap boundary (2 mm). To quantitatively investigate the effect of double-walled structure on cavitation damage, cavitation damage tests were conducted by parametrically changing mercury flow velocity and gap width of the channel wall. The results showed that the damage evaluated as a surface roughness was reduced by increasing the flow velocity. By contrast, the effect of gap width on cavitation damage was hardly observed under flowing conditions.

Temporal changes of radiocesium in irrigated paddy fields and its accumulation in rice plants in Fukushima

Yang, B.*; Onda, Yuichi*; Wakiyama, Yoshifumi*; Yoshimura, Kazuya; Sekimoto, Hitoshi*; Ha, Y.*

Environmental Pollution, 208(Part B), p.562 - 570, 2016/01

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2015.10.030

Deuterium depth profiling in JT-60U W-shaped divertor tiles by nuclear reaction analysis

Hayashi, Takao; Ochiai, Kentaro; Masaki, Kei; Goto, Yoshitaka*; Kutsukake, Chuzo; Arai, Takashi; Nishitani, Takeo; Miya, Naoyuki

Journal of Nuclear Materials, 349(1-2), p.6 - 16, 2006/02

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnucmat.2005.06.019

Deuterium concentrations and depth profiles in plasma-facing graphite tiles used in the divertor of JT-60U were investigated by NRA. The highest deuterium concentration of D/C of 0.053 was found in the outer dome wing tile, where the deuterium accumulated probably through the deuterium-carbon co-deposition. In the outer and inner divertor target tiles, the D/C data were lower than 0.006. Additionally, the maximum (H+D)/C in the dome top tile was estimated to be 0.023 from the results of NRA and SIMS. OFMC simulation showed energetic deuterons caused by NBI were implanted into the dome region with high heat flux. Furthermore, the surface temperature and conditions such as deposition and erosion significantly influenced the accumulation process of deuterium. The deuterium depth profile, SEM observation and OFMC simulation indicated the deuterium was considered to accumulate through three processes: the deuterium-carbon co-deposition, the implantation of energetic deuterons and the deuterium diffusion into the bulk.

Accessibility evaluation of the IFMIF liquid lithium loop considering activated erosion/corrosion materials deposition

Nakamura, Hiroo; Takemura, Morio*; Yamauchi, Michinori*; Fischer, U.*; Ida, Mizuho*; Mori, Seiji*; Nishitani, Takeo; Simakov, S.*; Sugimoto, Masayoshi

Fusion Engineering and Design, 75-79, p.1169 - 1172, 2005/11

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fusengdes.2005.06.127

In the IFMIF, activated erosion/corrosion materials of Li target back wall deposits on a surface of the Li loop. Therefore, accessibility during maintenance of the Li loop pipings will depend on the activation level of the deposition materials. This paper evaluates effect of target activation on the accessibility of the Li loop pipings. Activation level is calculated by the ACT-4 code. High energy cross section above 15 MeV is introduced using IEAF-2001 data. In this calculation, target material is stainless steel 316. Area of the erosion/corrosion in the back wall is 100 cm. The erosion/corrosion rate is 1 micron/y. Dose rate around the Li loop after one year IFMIF operation is evaluated assuming 1% deposition of the erosion/corrosion materials and uniform deposition on surface area of 33 m. Permissible level for hands-on maintenance is 10 microSv/hr. As the results, after 1 week from shutdown, close maintenance work 8 cm to the Li loop is possible. Also, after 1 month, hands-on maintenance becomes possible.

Micro-impact damage caused by mercury bubble collapse

Futakawa, Masatoshi; Naoe, Takashi*; Kogawa, Hiroyuki; Date, Hidefumi*; Ikeda, Yujiro

JSME International Journal, Series A, 48(4), p.234 - 239, 2005/10

Mercury target will be installed at the material science and life facility in J-PARC, which will promote innovative science. The mercury target will be subjected to the pressure wave caused by proton bombarding in the mercury. The pressure wave propagation induces the cavitation in mercury that imposes localized impact damage on the target vessel. The impact erosion is a critical issue to decide the lifetime of target. An electromagnetic impact testing machine, MIMTM, was developed to reproduce the localized impact erosion damage and evaluate the damage formation. Additionally, droplet impact analyses were carried out to investigate the correlation between isolate pit profile and micro-jet velocity. We confirmed that the value of depth/radius was applicable to estimate micro-jet velocity, and the velocity at 560 W in MIMTM equivalent to 1MW proton beam injection was 300 m/s approximately.

Flux dependence of carbon erosion and implication for ITER

Roth, J.*; Kirschner, A.*; Bohmeyer, W.*; Brezinsek, S.*; Cambe, A.*; Casarotto, E.*; Doerner, R.*; Gauthier, E.*; Federici, G.*; Higashijima, Satoru; et al.

Journal of Nuclear Materials, 337-339, p.970 - 974, 2005/03

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnucmat.2004.10.115

In the frame work of the EU Task Force on Plasma-Wall Interaction and the International Tokamak Physics Activity an attempt was made to establish a possible dependence of the chemical erosion yield of carbon on the ion flux, , involving ion beam experiments, plasma simulators, and fusion devices. After data normalization a fit using Bayesian probability analysis was performed yielding a decrease of the erosion yield with at high ion fluxes. With this dependence on ion flux a comprehensive description is available for chemical erosion as function of energy, temperature and ion flux. Using this dependence the erosion and redeposition of carbon in the ITER divertor can be calculated using the ERO code and the steady-state plasma scenario given by the ITER team. The resulting gross and net erosion rates are compared to previous estimates using a constant erosion yield of 1.5%. The use of the complete parameter dependence results in an order of magnitude lower erosion, most strongly determined by the temperature dependence and the reduction at the highest fluxes.

Flux dependence of carbon chemical erosion by deuterium ions

Roth, J.*; Preuss, R.*; Bohmeyer, W.*; Brezinsek, S.*; Cambe, A.*; Casarotto, E.*; Doerner, R.*; Gauthier, E.*; Federici, G.*; Higashijima, Satoru; et al.

Nuclear Fusion, 44(11), p.L21 - L25, 2004/11

https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/44/11/L01

Chemical erosion of carbon has been studied in ion beam experiments, and the yield values are available as a function of ion energy and surface temperature. ITER divertor condition, however, cannot be simulated by ion beam. For extrapolating to ITER, the erosion must be investigated in plasma simulators and in SOL or divertors of present fusion devices. In the past, erosion values were reported, but the values showed a wide scatter as a function of ion flux, . Therefore, a joint attempt was made through the EU Task Force on Plasma-Wall Interaction and the International Tokamak Physics Activity (ITPA) to clarify the flux dependence. For each data point the local plasma conditions were normalized to impact energy of 30 eV, the data were selected for a surface temperature close to the maximum yield or to room temperature, and the diagnostic was calibrated in-situ. Through this procedure, the previous large scatter could be drastically reduced. A fit using Bayesian probability analysis was performed yielding a decrease of the erosion yield with at high ion fluxes.

Estimation of incubation time of cavitation erosion for various cavitating conditions

Soyama, Hitoshi*; Futakawa, Masatoshi

Tribology Letters, 17(1), p.27 - 30, 2004/07

https://doi.org/10.1023/B:TRIL.0000017415.79517.8c

Estimation have been made, resulting in a general method for the prediction of the incubation time for cavitation erosion using various cavitating conditions and materials. From a single erosion test, the incubation time can be estimated for various conditions and materials by plotting the mass loss as a function of exposure time to cavitation on a log-log scale.